EATING INVENTORY MANUAL TRIAL

Lowe (1993) proposed a three factor theory of dieting which hypothesized that the dietary restraint construct is multi-dimensional and provided a three-factor model of dieting: 1) frequency of dieting/overeating, 2) current dieting, and 3) weight suppression. The studies that failed to support the dietary restraint hypothesis used these two alternative methods ( Ouwens, et al., 2003). Two other widely used questionnaires for measuring dietary restraint have been developed: the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire ( Stunkard & Messick, 1985) and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire ( Van Strien et al., 1986). Given the inconsistency of findings of studies using different scales, the measurement of the dietary restraint construct has become a source of controversy. Both laboratory and cross-sectional studies that reported support for the dietary restraint hypothesis have used the Restraint Scale to measure dietary restraint ( Heatherton et al., 1988 Lowe & Levine, 2005). Most early studies of dietary restraint utilized either the Restraint Scale ( Herman & Mack, 1975) or a later revision ( Herman & Polivy, 1980). Several authors (e.g., Lowe & Levine, 2005 Ouwens, van Strien & van der Staak, 2003 Stice, Fisher, & Lowe, 2004) have concluded that the mixed results of different studies are most likely due to different methods being used for measuring dietary restraint, i.e., the Restraint Scale versus several alternatives that are discussed below. Over the past 30 years, a few studies have failed to support the hypothesized causal relationship between dietary restraint and overeating/binge eating ( Dritschel, Cooper, & Charnock, 1993 Jansen, Oosterlaan, Mercklbach, & van den Hout, 1988 Lawson, Williamson, et al., 1995 Lowe & Kleifield, 1986 Smith, Geiselman, Williamson et al., 1998 Wardle & Beales, 1987). The validity of the causal relationship between dietary restraint and overeating (often called the dietary restraint hypothesis) has been supported by a large number of laboratory studies that have established that overeating (counter-regulation) by participants defined as high in dietary restraint, often occurs as a response to a pre-load that disrupts dietary restraint ( Heatherton, Herman, Polivy, King, & McGree, 1988 Lowe & Levine, 2005 Ruderman, 1986 Polivy, 1996). During the past 30 years, the construct of dietary restraint has been theorized to be a psychological determinant of overeating ( Ruderman & Wilson, 1979), binge eating ( Ruderman, 1986), and bulimia nervosa ( Polivy & Hermann, 1985). These findings suggest that that, of the four questionnaires tested, the EI Restraint scale was the most valid measure of the intent to diet and actual caloric restriction.Дietary restraint is defined as the intention to restrict food intake in order to control body weight ( Herman & Mack, 1975). Based on change scores, the EI Restraint scale was the only measure that correlated significantly with energy balance expressed as a percentage of energy require d for weight maintenance. Scores from all four questionnaires, measured at baseline, formed a dietary restraint factor, but the RS also loaded on a binge eating factor.

EATING INVENTORY MANUAL TRIAL

The validity of four self-report measures of dietary restraint and dieting behavior was tested using: 1) factor analysis, 2) changes in dietary restraint in a randomized controlled trial of different methods to achieve calorie restriction, and 3) correlation of changes in dietary restraint with an objective measure of energy balance, calculated from the changes in fat mass and fat-free mass over a six-month dietary intervention. Conflicting findings have been attributed to different methods for measuring dietary restraint. Dietary restraint has been implicated as a determinant of overeating and binge eating. This study tested the validity of four measures of dietary restraint: Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Eating Inventory (EI), Revised Restraint Scale (RS), and the Current Dieting Questionnaire.

Eating inventory manual